✅ Ilmmetriya (ingl. Scientometrics, rus. Наукометрия) – fanni miqdoriy usullar yordamida tadqiq etuvchi fan sohasi.
✅ Koʻp sonli oʻlchovlar va ilmiy maʼlumotlarni statistik qayta ishlash (maʼlum vaqt oraligʻida chop etilgan ilmiy maqolalar soni, iqtiboslar koʻrsatkichlari va boshqalar) orqali fanning rivojlanish evolutsiyasini oʻrganuvchi ilm.
✅ Ilmmetriya fanining asoschisi amerikalik lingvist olim Yudjin Garfild hisoblansa-da, ilmmetriya (“наукометрия”) atamasi ilk bor rus olimlari V.V. Nalimov va Z.M. Mulchenko hammuallifligida 1969-yilda nashr etilgan “Ilmmetriya: Fanni axborot jarayoni sifatida o‘rganish” («Наукометрия: Изучение науки как информационного процесса») nomli monografiyada tilga olingan.
✅ Ilmmetriya (ingl. Scientometrics, rus. Наукометрия) – fanni miqdoriy usullar yordamida tadqiq etuvchi fan sohasi.
✅ Koʻp sonli oʻlchovlar va ilmiy maʼlumotlarni statistik qayta ishlash (maʼlum vaqt oraligʻida chop etilgan ilmiy maqolalar soni, iqtiboslar koʻrsatkichlari va boshqalar) orqali fanning rivojlanish evolutsiyasini oʻrganuvchi ilm.
✅ Ilmmetriya fanining asoschisi amerikalik lingvist olim Yudjin Garfild hisoblansa-da, ilmmetriya (“наукометрия”) atamasi ilk bor rus olimlari V.V. Nalimov va Z.M. Mulchenko hammuallifligida 1969-yilda nashr etilgan “Ilmmetriya: Fanni axborot jarayoni sifatida o‘rganish” («Наукометрия: Изучение науки как информационного процесса») nomli monografiyada tilga olingan.
Messages are not fully encrypted by default. That means the company could, in theory, access the content of the messages, or be forced to hand over the data at the request of a government. As the war in Ukraine rages, the messaging app Telegram has emerged as the go-to place for unfiltered live war updates for both Ukrainian refugees and increasingly isolated Russians alike. Channels are not fully encrypted, end-to-end. All communications on a Telegram channel can be seen by anyone on the channel and are also visible to Telegram. Telegram may be asked by a government to hand over the communications from a channel. Telegram has a history of standing up to Russian government requests for data, but how comfortable you are relying on that history to predict future behavior is up to you. Because Telegram has this data, it may also be stolen by hackers or leaked by an internal employee. Telegram, which does little policing of its content, has also became a hub for Russian propaganda and misinformation. Many pro-Kremlin channels have become popular, alongside accounts of journalists and other independent observers. Despite Telegram's origins, its approach to users' security has privacy advocates worried.
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