✅ Хirsh indeksi yokih-indeks– ilmmetriya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-yilda Kaliforniya universitetining San-Diegodagi kampusi ilmiy xodimi Xorxe Xirsh tomonidan dastlab fiziklarning ilmiy faoliyati samaradorligini baholash uchun taklif qilingan.
✅ Xirsh indeksi ilmiy xodim, olimlar guruhi, ilmiy tashkilot yoki umuman mamlakatdagi nashrlar soni va ushbu nashrlarga berilgan iqtiboslar sonidan kelib chiqqan holda aniqlanadigan faoliyat samaradorligining miqdoriy tavsifini belgilaydi.
✅ Хirsh indeksi yokih-indeks– ilmmetriya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-yilda Kaliforniya universitetining San-Diegodagi kampusi ilmiy xodimi Xorxe Xirsh tomonidan dastlab fiziklarning ilmiy faoliyati samaradorligini baholash uchun taklif qilingan.
✅ Xirsh indeksi ilmiy xodim, olimlar guruhi, ilmiy tashkilot yoki umuman mamlakatdagi nashrlar soni va ushbu nashrlarga berilgan iqtiboslar sonidan kelib chiqqan holda aniqlanadigan faoliyat samaradorligining miqdoriy tavsifini belgilaydi.
Individual messages can be fully encrypted. But the user has to turn on that function. It's not automatic, as it is on Signal and WhatsApp. Perpetrators of such fraud use various marketing techniques to attract subscribers on their social media channels. For Oleksandra Tsekhanovska, head of the Hybrid Warfare Analytical Group at the Kyiv-based Ukraine Crisis Media Center, the effects are both near- and far-reaching. Telegram boasts 500 million users, who share information individually and in groups in relative security. But Telegram's use as a one-way broadcast channel — which followers can join but not reply to — means content from inauthentic accounts can easily reach large, captive and eager audiences. Telegram was founded in 2013 by two Russian brothers, Nikolai and Pavel Durov.
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