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#اسپینوزا، اخلاق، بخش سوم، قضیه 17، ترجمۀ جهانگیری:

قضیه 17: «هرگاه تخیل کنیم که شیئی که معمولاً ما را متألم می سازد، شباهت به موضوعی دارد که معمولاً ما را به همان درجه ملتذ می کند، در آنِ واحد نسبت به آن شیء هم نفرت خواهیم داشت و هم عشق.»

برهان: این شیء، بنا بر فرض، به نفسِ خود، علتِ الم است و از این حیث که ما آن را با چنین عاطفه ای تخیل می کنیم، از آن نفرت داریم، اما علاوه بر آن، از این حیث که تخیل می کنیم که آن مشابهت به موضوعی دارد که معمولا در ما به همان درجه عاطفۀ لذت به وجود می آورد، به همان اندازه به آن عشق می ورزیم. بنابراین در آن واحد، نسبت به آن هم نفرت خواهیم داشت و هم عشق.

تبصره: این حالتِ نفس، که از دو عاطفۀ متضاد سرچشمه می گیرد «تزلزلِ نفس» [animi fluctuatio] نامیده شده؛ و ارتباطش با عاطفه، مانندِ ارتباطِ شک است با تخیل، و فرقِ میان تزلزلِ نفس و شک مانندِ فرقِ میانِ بزرگتر و کوچکتر است. اما باید توجه داشت که اگر در قضیه قبل من این تزلزلاتِ نفس را از عللی استنتاج کردم که نسبت به عاطفه ای علتِ بالذاتند و نسبت به دیگری علتِ بالعرض، بدان سبب بود که قضایای قبلی این استنتاج را آسان تر می کردند، نه بدان سبب که منکر آنم که این تزلزلاتِ نفس غالباً از موضوعی که علتِ فاعلیِ هر دو عاطفه است سرچشمه می گیرند، زیرا بدنِ انسان از اجزاء مختلف الطبایع کثیری ترکیب یافته است و بنابراین، ممکن است به وسیلۀ یک جسم به طرق بسیار متعدد و مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار گیرد، و از طرف دیگر، از آنجا که ممکن است یک شیء به طرق متختلف متأثر شود، لذا ممکن است آن یک جزء و همان جزء بدن را به طرق مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. از اینجاست که به آسانی می توانیم دریابیم که چگونه موضوع واحد می تواند علتِ عواطفِ متعددِ متضادی باشد.

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P17: If we imagine that a thing which usually affects us with an affect of Sadness is like another which usually affects us with an equally great affect of Joy, we shall hate it and at the same time love it.

Dem.: For (by hypothesis) this thing is through itself the cause of Sadness, and (by P13S) insofar as we imagine it with this affect, we hate it. And moreover, insofar as it has some likeness to the other thing, which usually affects us with an equally great affect of Joy, we shall love it with an equally great striving of Joy (by P16). And so we shall both hate it and at the same time love it, q.e.d.

Schol.: This constitution of the Mind which arises from two contrary affects is called vacillation of mind [animi Fluctuatio], which is therefore related to the affect as doubt is to the imagination (see IIP44S); nor do vacillation of mind and doubt differ from one another except in degree.But it should be noted that in the preceding Proposition I have deduced these vacillations of mind from causes which are the cause through themselves of one affect and the accidental cause of the other. I have done this because in this way they could more easily be deduced from what has gone before, not because I deny that vacillations [II/154] of mind for the most part arise from an object which is the efficient cause of each affect. For the human Body (by IIPost. 1) is composed of a great many individuals of different natures, and so (by IIA1″ [at II/99]), it can be affected in a great many different ways by one and [5] the same body. And on the other hand, because one and the same thing can be affected in many ways, it will also be able to affect one and the same part of the body in many different ways. From this we can easily conceive that one and the same object can be the cause of many and contrary affects.



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#اسپینوزا، اخلاق، بخش سوم، قضیه 17، ترجمۀ جهانگیری:

قضیه 17: «هرگاه تخیل کنیم که شیئی که معمولاً ما را متألم می سازد، شباهت به موضوعی دارد که معمولاً ما را به همان درجه ملتذ می کند، در آنِ واحد نسبت به آن شیء هم نفرت خواهیم داشت و هم عشق.»

برهان: این شیء، بنا بر فرض، به نفسِ خود، علتِ الم است و از این حیث که ما آن را با چنین عاطفه ای تخیل می کنیم، از آن نفرت داریم، اما علاوه بر آن، از این حیث که تخیل می کنیم که آن مشابهت به موضوعی دارد که معمولا در ما به همان درجه عاطفۀ لذت به وجود می آورد، به همان اندازه به آن عشق می ورزیم. بنابراین در آن واحد، نسبت به آن هم نفرت خواهیم داشت و هم عشق.

تبصره: این حالتِ نفس، که از دو عاطفۀ متضاد سرچشمه می گیرد «تزلزلِ نفس» [animi fluctuatio] نامیده شده؛ و ارتباطش با عاطفه، مانندِ ارتباطِ شک است با تخیل، و فرقِ میان تزلزلِ نفس و شک مانندِ فرقِ میانِ بزرگتر و کوچکتر است. اما باید توجه داشت که اگر در قضیه قبل من این تزلزلاتِ نفس را از عللی استنتاج کردم که نسبت به عاطفه ای علتِ بالذاتند و نسبت به دیگری علتِ بالعرض، بدان سبب بود که قضایای قبلی این استنتاج را آسان تر می کردند، نه بدان سبب که منکر آنم که این تزلزلاتِ نفس غالباً از موضوعی که علتِ فاعلیِ هر دو عاطفه است سرچشمه می گیرند، زیرا بدنِ انسان از اجزاء مختلف الطبایع کثیری ترکیب یافته است و بنابراین، ممکن است به وسیلۀ یک جسم به طرق بسیار متعدد و مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار گیرد، و از طرف دیگر، از آنجا که ممکن است یک شیء به طرق متختلف متأثر شود، لذا ممکن است آن یک جزء و همان جزء بدن را به طرق مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. از اینجاست که به آسانی می توانیم دریابیم که چگونه موضوع واحد می تواند علتِ عواطفِ متعددِ متضادی باشد.

—————————————
P17: If we imagine that a thing which usually affects us with an affect of Sadness is like another which usually affects us with an equally great affect of Joy, we shall hate it and at the same time love it.

Dem.: For (by hypothesis) this thing is through itself the cause of Sadness, and (by P13S) insofar as we imagine it with this affect, we hate it. And moreover, insofar as it has some likeness to the other thing, which usually affects us with an equally great affect of Joy, we shall love it with an equally great striving of Joy (by P16). And so we shall both hate it and at the same time love it, q.e.d.

Schol.: This constitution of the Mind which arises from two contrary affects is called vacillation of mind [animi Fluctuatio], which is therefore related to the affect as doubt is to the imagination (see IIP44S); nor do vacillation of mind and doubt differ from one another except in degree.But it should be noted that in the preceding Proposition I have deduced these vacillations of mind from causes which are the cause through themselves of one affect and the accidental cause of the other. I have done this because in this way they could more easily be deduced from what has gone before, not because I deny that vacillations [II/154] of mind for the most part arise from an object which is the efficient cause of each affect. For the human Body (by IIPost. 1) is composed of a great many individuals of different natures, and so (by IIA1″ [at II/99]), it can be affected in a great many different ways by one and [5] the same body. And on the other hand, because one and the same thing can be affected in many ways, it will also be able to affect one and the same part of the body in many different ways. From this we can easily conceive that one and the same object can be the cause of many and contrary affects.

BY مهدی رضاییان


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