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Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡ…Π° Амин Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½-Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅. Π’ 1943 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ институт Π² Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ (Π½Ρ‹Π½Π΅ – Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Багдадского унивСрситСта) ΠΈ стала Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ†Π΅. Π’ ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π΅ НСприкосновСнный запас Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π» ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Ρ‹Π²ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π΅Ρ‘ воспоминаний.…
Β«Π‘Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π² османской Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ слуТил Π² иракской. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ монархичСского ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° [Ρ‚.Π΅. Π² 1920-Ρ…] Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² министСрство просвСщСния, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ иракского ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Π΄Β».

Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° распространённая ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ траСктория. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ политичСской элиты ΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² монархичСского Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ° (1921–1958) Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… османских ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° сторону Арабского восстания (1916).

πŸ“ΈΠœΡƒΡ…Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Π΄ Амин Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ (1924), ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡ…ΠΈ Амин Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ



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Β«Π‘Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π² османской Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ слуТил Π² иракской. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ монархичСского ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° [Ρ‚.Π΅. Π² 1920-Ρ…] Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² министСрство просвСщСния, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ иракского ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Π΄Β».

Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° распространённая ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ траСктория. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ политичСской элиты ΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² монархичСского Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ° (1921–1958) Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… османских ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° сторону Арабского восстания (1916).

πŸ“ΈΠœΡƒΡ…Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Π΄ Амин Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ (1924), ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡ…ΠΈ Амин Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ

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If you initiate a Secret Chat, however, then these communications are end-to-end encrypted and are tied to the device you are using. That means it’s less convenient to access them across multiple platforms, but you are at far less risk of snooping. Back in the day, Secret Chats received some praise from the EFF, but the fact that its standard system isn’t as secure earned it some criticism. If you’re looking for something that is considered more reliable by privacy advocates, then Signal is the EFF’s preferred platform, although that too is not without some caveats. At its heart, Telegram is little more than a messaging app like WhatsApp or Signal. But it also offers open channels that enable a single user, or a group of users, to communicate with large numbers in a method similar to a Twitter account. This has proven to be both a blessing and a curse for Telegram and its users, since these channels can be used for both good and ill. Right now, as Wired reports, the app is a key way for Ukrainians to receive updates from the government during the invasion. To that end, when files are actively downloading, a new icon now appears in the Search bar that users can tap to view and manage downloads, pause and resume all downloads or just individual items, and select one to increase its priority or view it in a chat. Asked about its stance on disinformation, Telegram spokesperson Remi Vaughn told AFP: "As noted by our CEO, the sheer volume of information being shared on channels makes it extremely difficult to verify, so it's important that users double-check what they read." Just days after Russia invaded Ukraine, Durov wrote that Telegram was "increasingly becoming a source of unverified information," and he worried about the app being used to "incite ethnic hatred."
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