In 2018, Russia banned Telegram although it reversed the prohibition two years later. But because group chats and the channel features are not end-to-end encrypted, Galperin said user privacy is potentially under threat. Unlike Silicon Valley giants such as Facebook and Twitter, which run very public anti-disinformation programs, Brooking said: "Telegram is famously lax or absent in its content moderation policy." In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. Although some channels have been removed, the curation process is considered opaque and insufficient by analysts.
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