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От новых русских к старым деньгам, часть 13

Наконец последний ключевой персонаж истории федералистско-республиканского раскола – Джеймс Мэдисон, авторству которого принадлежит Виргинский план – документ, лёгший в основу текста конституции.

Первоначально сторонник Гамильтона и один из трёх авторов Федералистских записок (ФЗ) – сборника статей в поддержку ратификации конституции, вместе с самим Гамильтоном и Джоном Джеем; позднее он расходится с федералистами и вместе с Джефферсоном основывает Республиканскую партию.

В контексте нашего разговора он интересен как важнейший идеолог американского республиканизма.

В ФЗ №14 он пишет:

The error which limits republican government to a narrow district has been unfolded and refuted in preceding papers. I remark here only that it seems to owe its rise and prevalence chiefly to the confounding of a republic with a democracy, applying to the former reasonings drawn from the nature of the latter. The true distinction between these forms was also adverted to on a former occasion. It is, that in a democracy, the people meet and exercise the government in person; in a republic, they assemble and administer it by their representatives and agents. A democracy, consequently, will be confined to a small spot. A republic may be extended over a large region.
To this accidental source of the error may be added the artifice of some celebrated authors, whose writings have had a great share in forming the modern standard of political opinions. Being subjects either of an absolute or limited monarchy, they have endeavored to heighten the advantages, or palliate the evils of those forms, by placing in comparison the vices and defects of the republican, and by citing as specimens of the latter the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece and modern Italy.

В ФЗ №51 (ключевом документе описывающем систему сдержек и противовесов) он развивает тему:

It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be turned against both parties. The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority.

Итак из первого отрывка видно что Мэдисон противопоставляет республиканскую систему демократической под которой понимает прямую демократию. Последнюю он не жалует, считает что она подходит только для небольших государств и ведёт к нестабильности.

Второй же говорит нам что республиканская система США должна иметь противовес не только узурпации власти правителями, но и несправедливой воле большинства. Это важный момент т.к. показывает что (прямая) демократия неприемлема для Мэдисона не только по организационным причинам, но и концептуально, т.к. воля большинства может оказаться несправедливой так же как и воля отдельного правителя.



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От новых русских к старым деньгам, часть 13

Наконец последний ключевой персонаж истории федералистско-республиканского раскола – Джеймс Мэдисон, авторству которого принадлежит Виргинский план – документ, лёгший в основу текста конституции.

Первоначально сторонник Гамильтона и один из трёх авторов Федералистских записок (ФЗ) – сборника статей в поддержку ратификации конституции, вместе с самим Гамильтоном и Джоном Джеем; позднее он расходится с федералистами и вместе с Джефферсоном основывает Республиканскую партию.

В контексте нашего разговора он интересен как важнейший идеолог американского республиканизма.

В ФЗ №14 он пишет:

The error which limits republican government to a narrow district has been unfolded and refuted in preceding papers. I remark here only that it seems to owe its rise and prevalence chiefly to the confounding of a republic with a democracy, applying to the former reasonings drawn from the nature of the latter. The true distinction between these forms was also adverted to on a former occasion. It is, that in a democracy, the people meet and exercise the government in person; in a republic, they assemble and administer it by their representatives and agents. A democracy, consequently, will be confined to a small spot. A republic may be extended over a large region.
To this accidental source of the error may be added the artifice of some celebrated authors, whose writings have had a great share in forming the modern standard of political opinions. Being subjects either of an absolute or limited monarchy, they have endeavored to heighten the advantages, or palliate the evils of those forms, by placing in comparison the vices and defects of the republican, and by citing as specimens of the latter the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece and modern Italy.

В ФЗ №51 (ключевом документе описывающем систему сдержек и противовесов) он развивает тему:

It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be turned against both parties. The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority.

Итак из первого отрывка видно что Мэдисон противопоставляет республиканскую систему демократической под которой понимает прямую демократию. Последнюю он не жалует, считает что она подходит только для небольших государств и ведёт к нестабильности.

Второй же говорит нам что республиканская система США должна иметь противовес не только узурпации власти правителями, но и несправедливой воле большинства. Это важный момент т.к. показывает что (прямая) демократия неприемлема для Мэдисона не только по организационным причинам, но и концептуально, т.к. воля большинства может оказаться несправедливой так же как и воля отдельного правителя.

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Again, in contrast to Facebook, Google and Twitter, Telegram's founder Pavel Durov runs his company in relative secrecy from Dubai. Telegram has become more interventionist over time, and has steadily increased its efforts to shut down these accounts. But this has also meant that the company has also engaged with lawmakers more generally, although it maintains that it doesn’t do so willingly. For instance, in September 2021, Telegram reportedly blocked a chat bot in support of (Putin critic) Alexei Navalny during Russia’s most recent parliamentary elections. Pavel Durov was quoted at the time saying that the company was obliged to follow a “legitimate” law of the land. He added that as Apple and Google both follow the law, to violate it would give both platforms a reason to boot the messenger from its stores. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. READ MORE "Russians are really disconnected from the reality of what happening to their country," Andrey said. "So Telegram has become essential for understanding what's going on to the Russian-speaking world."
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