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Индонезийская литература в широком значении — это совокупность устной и письменной словесности народов Индонезии двух основных культурных зон (яванской и малайской), а также общенациональная литература на индонезийском языке.
Общенациональная литература начала формироваться с конца XIX века в процессе национального пробуждения Индонезии и становления индонезийской нации. У её истоков стоит пресса и своеобразная городская литература последней трети XIX — начала XX веков на «низком» малайском языке, издревле служившим языком межэтнического общения на архипелаге. (Википедия)
Индонезийская литература в широком значении — это совокупность устной и письменной словесности народов Индонезии двух основных культурных зон (яванской и малайской), а также общенациональная литература на индонезийском языке.
Общенациональная литература начала формироваться с конца XIX века в процессе национального пробуждения Индонезии и становления индонезийской нации. У её истоков стоит пресса и своеобразная городская литература последней трети XIX — начала XX веков на «низком» малайском языке, издревле служившим языком межэтнического общения на архипелаге. (Википедия)
Russians and Ukrainians are both prolific users of Telegram. They rely on the app for channels that act as newsfeeds, group chats (both public and private), and one-to-one communication. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Telegram has remained an important lifeline for both Russians and Ukrainians, as a way of staying aware of the latest news and keeping in touch with loved ones. "There are several million Russians who can lift their head up from propaganda and try to look for other sources, and I'd say that most look for it on Telegram," he said. He floated the idea of restricting the use of Telegram in Ukraine and Russia, a suggestion that was met with fierce opposition from users. Shortly after, Durov backed off the idea. Pavel Durov, a billionaire who embraces an all-black wardrobe and is often compared to the character Neo from "the Matrix," funds Telegram through his personal wealth and debt financing. And despite being one of the world's most popular tech companies, Telegram reportedly has only about 30 employees who defer to Durov for most major decisions about the platform. If you initiate a Secret Chat, however, then these communications are end-to-end encrypted and are tied to the device you are using. That means it’s less convenient to access them across multiple platforms, but you are at far less risk of snooping. Back in the day, Secret Chats received some praise from the EFF, but the fact that its standard system isn’t as secure earned it some criticism. If you’re looking for something that is considered more reliable by privacy advocates, then Signal is the EFF’s preferred platform, although that too is not without some caveats.
from es
