Сгущённое молоко, согласно наиболее популярной версии, придумал парижский кондитер Николя Франсуа Аппер. В 1795 году Наполеон объявил конкурс на лучшую технологию сохранения еды – император готовился к войне. Аппер победил в этом конкурсе, представив Наполеону несколько бутылок со сгущённым (до 2/3 объёма) молоком, разлитым в герметичные стеклянные бутылки и выдержанным уже в этих бутылках в кипящей воде на протяжении двух часов. За это он был удостоен титула "Благодетель человечества" и премии в 10 000 франков.
Сгущённое молоко, согласно наиболее популярной версии, придумал парижский кондитер Николя Франсуа Аппер. В 1795 году Наполеон объявил конкурс на лучшую технологию сохранения еды – император готовился к войне. Аппер победил в этом конкурсе, представив Наполеону несколько бутылок со сгущённым (до 2/3 объёма) молоком, разлитым в герметичные стеклянные бутылки и выдержанным уже в этих бутылках в кипящей воде на протяжении двух часов. За это он был удостоен титула "Благодетель человечества" и премии в 10 000 франков.
Given the pro-privacy stance of the platform, it’s taken as a given that it’ll be used for a number of reasons, not all of them good. And Telegram has been attached to a fair few scandals related to terrorism, sexual exploitation and crime. Back in 2015, Vox described Telegram as “ISIS’ app of choice,” saying that the platform’s real use is the ability to use channels to distribute material to large groups at once. Telegram has acted to remove public channels affiliated with terrorism, but Pavel Durov reiterated that he had no business snooping on private conversations. The company maintains that it cannot act against individual or group chats, which are “private amongst their participants,” but it will respond to requests in relation to sticker sets, channels and bots which are publicly available. During the invasion of Ukraine, Pavel Durov has wrestled with this issue a lot more prominently than he has before. Channels like Donbass Insider and Bellum Acta, as reported by Foreign Policy, started pumping out pro-Russian propaganda as the invasion began. So much so that the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council issued a statement labeling which accounts are Russian-backed. Ukrainian officials, in potential violation of the Geneva Convention, have shared imagery of dead and captured Russian soldiers on the platform. These entities are reportedly operating nine Telegram channels with more than five million subscribers to whom they were making recommendations on selected listed scrips. Such recommendations induced the investors to deal in the said scrips, thereby creating artificial volume and price rise. Individual messages can be fully encrypted. But the user has to turn on that function. It's not automatic, as it is on Signal and WhatsApp. Telegram has become more interventionist over time, and has steadily increased its efforts to shut down these accounts. But this has also meant that the company has also engaged with lawmakers more generally, although it maintains that it doesn’t do so willingly. For instance, in September 2021, Telegram reportedly blocked a chat bot in support of (Putin critic) Alexei Navalny during Russia’s most recent parliamentary elections. Pavel Durov was quoted at the time saying that the company was obliged to follow a “legitimate” law of the land. He added that as Apple and Google both follow the law, to violate it would give both platforms a reason to boot the messenger from its stores.
from es
