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✅ Ilmmetriya (ingl. Scientometrics, rus. Наукометрия) – fanni miqdoriy usullar yordamida tadqiq etuvchi fan sohasi.
✅ Koʻp sonli oʻlchovlar va ilmiy maʼlumotlarni statistik qayta ishlash (maʼlum vaqt oraligʻida chop etilgan ilmiy maqolalar soni, iqtiboslar koʻrsatkichlari va boshqalar) orqali fanning rivojlanish evolutsiyasini oʻrganuvchi ilm.
✅ Ilmmetriya fanining asoschisi amerikalik lingvist olim Yudjin Garfild hisoblansa-da, ilmmetriya (“наукометрия”) atamasi ilk bor rus olimlari V.V. Nalimov va Z.M. Mulchenko hammuallifligida 1969-yilda nashr etilgan “Ilmmetriya: Fanni axborot jarayoni sifatida o‘rganish” («Наукометрия: Изучение науки как информационного процесса») nomli monografiyada tilga olingan.
✅ Ilmmetriya (ingl. Scientometrics, rus. Наукометрия) – fanni miqdoriy usullar yordamida tadqiq etuvchi fan sohasi.
✅ Koʻp sonli oʻlchovlar va ilmiy maʼlumotlarni statistik qayta ishlash (maʼlum vaqt oraligʻida chop etilgan ilmiy maqolalar soni, iqtiboslar koʻrsatkichlari va boshqalar) orqali fanning rivojlanish evolutsiyasini oʻrganuvchi ilm.
✅ Ilmmetriya fanining asoschisi amerikalik lingvist olim Yudjin Garfild hisoblansa-da, ilmmetriya (“наукометрия”) atamasi ilk bor rus olimlari V.V. Nalimov va Z.M. Mulchenko hammuallifligida 1969-yilda nashr etilgan “Ilmmetriya: Fanni axborot jarayoni sifatida o‘rganish” («Наукометрия: Изучение науки как информационного процесса») nomli monografiyada tilga olingan.
At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. Telegram has become more interventionist over time, and has steadily increased its efforts to shut down these accounts. But this has also meant that the company has also engaged with lawmakers more generally, although it maintains that it doesn’t do so willingly. For instance, in September 2021, Telegram reportedly blocked a chat bot in support of (Putin critic) Alexei Navalny during Russia’s most recent parliamentary elections. Pavel Durov was quoted at the time saying that the company was obliged to follow a “legitimate” law of the land. He added that as Apple and Google both follow the law, to violate it would give both platforms a reason to boot the messenger from its stores. "Russians are really disconnected from the reality of what happening to their country," Andrey said. "So Telegram has become essential for understanding what's going on to the Russian-speaking world." Ukrainian forces have since put up a strong resistance to the Russian troops amid the war that has left hundreds of Ukrainian civilians, including children, dead, according to the United Nations. Ukrainian and international officials have accused Russia of targeting civilian populations with shelling and bombardments. At its heart, Telegram is little more than a messaging app like WhatsApp or Signal. But it also offers open channels that enable a single user, or a group of users, to communicate with large numbers in a method similar to a Twitter account. This has proven to be both a blessing and a curse for Telegram and its users, since these channels can be used for both good and ill. Right now, as Wired reports, the app is a key way for Ukrainians to receive updates from the government during the invasion.
from hk
