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Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š
Β«Π‘Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π² османской Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ слуТил Π² иракской. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ монархичСского ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° [Ρ‚.Π΅. Π² 1920-Ρ…] Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² министСрство просвСщСния, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ иракского ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Π΄Β». Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° распространённая…
Π›ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ арабского восстания ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡŽ Π² Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅ (1918–1920) послС ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»Ρ‘ΠΌ стал эмир ЀСйсал, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² восстания. Π•Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ мСстных элит, арабскиС ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Амина Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π½-арабисты (Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ рСпрСссии Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹).

К Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΆΠ΅, Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ‰Π°Π» Π°Ρ€Π°Π±Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π³Π°Ρ€ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ – Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ€ΡŒΠ±Π΅ с османами. Но Π² 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Дамаск (ливанскоС ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΡŒΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ с 1918) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ† королСвству ЀСйсала.

Однако ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π² 1921 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Ρ‹ пригласили ЀСйсала Ρ†Π°Ρ€ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅. Π₯отя сразу послС Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ пытался ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ османскиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠœΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΡΠΌΡƒΡŽ, восстаниС 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° продСмонстрировало, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Π°ΠΌ Π² Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ прямолинСйный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄.

πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ (Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ°) ЀСйсал I



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Π›ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ арабского восстания ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡŽ Π² Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅ (1918–1920) послС ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»Ρ‘ΠΌ стал эмир ЀСйсал, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² восстания. Π•Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ мСстных элит, арабскиС ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Амина Π—Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π½-арабисты (Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ рСпрСссии Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹).

К Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΆΠ΅, Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ‰Π°Π» Π°Ρ€Π°Π±Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π³Π°Ρ€ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ – Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ€ΡŒΠ±Π΅ с османами. Но Π² 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Дамаск (ливанскоС ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΡŒΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ с 1918) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ† королСвству ЀСйсала.

Однако ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π² 1921 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Ρ‹ пригласили ЀСйсала Ρ†Π°Ρ€ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅. Π₯отя сразу послС Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ пытался ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ османскиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠœΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΡΠΌΡƒΡŽ, восстаниС 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° продСмонстрировало, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Π°ΠΌ Π² Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ прямолинСйный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄.

πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ (Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π˜Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ°) ЀСйсал I

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š





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Telegram does offer end-to-end encrypted communications through Secret Chats, but this is not the default setting. Standard conversations use the MTProto method, enabling server-client encryption but with them stored on the server for ease-of-access. This makes using Telegram across multiple devices simple, but also means that the regular Telegram chats you’re having with folks are not as secure as you may believe. Now safely in France with his spouse and three of his children, Kliuchnikov scrolls through Telegram to learn about the devastation happening in his home country. Update March 8, 2022: EFF has clarified that Channels and Groups are not fully encrypted, end-to-end, updated our post to link to Telegram’s FAQ for Cloud and Secret chats, updated to clarify that auto-delete is available for group and channel admins, and added some additional links. At this point, however, Durov had already been working on Telegram with his brother, and further planned a mobile-first social network with an explicit focus on anti-censorship. Later in April, he told TechCrunch that he had left Russia and had β€œno plans to go back,” saying that the nation was currently β€œincompatible with internet business at the moment.” He added later that he was looking for a country that matched his libertarian ideals to base his next startup. You may recall that, back when Facebook started changing WhatsApp’s terms of service, a number of news outlets reported on, and even recommended, switching to Telegram. Pavel Durov even said that users should delete WhatsApp β€œunless you are cool with all of your photos and messages becoming public one day.” But Telegram can’t be described as a more-secure version of WhatsApp.
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