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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini



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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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WhatsApp, a rival messaging platform, introduced some measures to counter disinformation when Covid-19 was first sweeping the world. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. Such instructions could actually endanger people β€” citizens receive air strike warnings via smartphone alerts. A Russian Telegram channel with over 700,000 followers is spreading disinformation about Russia's invasion of Ukraine under the guise of providing "objective information" and fact-checking fake news. Its influence extends beyond the platform, with major Russian publications, government officials, and journalists citing the page's posts. Ukrainian forces have since put up a strong resistance to the Russian troops amid the war that has left hundreds of Ukrainian civilians, including children, dead, according to the United Nations. Ukrainian and international officials have accused Russia of targeting civilian populations with shelling and bombardments.
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