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2023-08-17 Last Update: 2025-01-31 13:00:28
Π£Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΡ, 1940-Π΅ . Π£Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ . ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² 1960-Ρ
Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ° (1920-43) β Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π² Π‘ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎ: Elias Hasbini
BY Junger Orientalistπ
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Telegram | DID YOU KNOW?
"The argument from Telegram is, 'You should trust us because we tell you that we're trustworthy,'" MarΓ©chal said. "It's really in the eye of the beholder whether that's something you want to buy into." Two days after Russia invaded Ukraine, an account on the Telegram messaging platform posing as President Volodymyr Zelenskiy urged his armed forces to surrender. What distinguishes the app from competitors is its use of what's known as channels: Public or private feeds of photos and videos that can be set up by one person or an organization. The channels have become popular with on-the-ground journalists, aid workers and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who broadcasts on a Telegram channel. The channels can be followed by an unlimited number of people. Unlike Facebook, Twitter and other popular social networks, there is no advertising on Telegram and the flow of information is not driven by an algorithm. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. Some people used the platform to organize ahead of the storming of the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, and last month Senator Mark Warner sent a letter to Durov urging him to curb Russian information operations on Telegram.
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