Фрагмент послания золотоордынского хана Улуг-Мухаммеда османскому султану Мураду II. 1428 г.
Надпись на оттиске тамги, выполненном золотыми чернилами, читается с правого нижнего угла внешнего квадрата против часовой стрелки: لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله من عدل ملک ومن ظلم هلک "Нет божества, кроме Аллаха, Мухаммад - посланник Аллаха. Справедливый царствует, тиранствующий гибнет". Надпись во внутреннем квадрате (читается с левого нижнего угла против часовой стрелки): السلطان العادل محمد خان "Государь правосудный Мухаммед-хан". В центре личная тамга хана в виде трезубца.
Фрагмент послания золотоордынского хана Улуг-Мухаммеда османскому султану Мураду II. 1428 г.
Надпись на оттиске тамги, выполненном золотыми чернилами, читается с правого нижнего угла внешнего квадрата против часовой стрелки: لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله من عدل ملک ومن ظلم هلک "Нет божества, кроме Аллаха, Мухаммад - посланник Аллаха. Справедливый царствует, тиранствующий гибнет". Надпись во внутреннем квадрате (читается с левого нижнего угла против часовой стрелки): السلطان العادل محمد خان "Государь правосудный Мухаммед-хан". В центре личная тамга хана в виде трезубца.
At its heart, Telegram is little more than a messaging app like WhatsApp or Signal. But it also offers open channels that enable a single user, or a group of users, to communicate with large numbers in a method similar to a Twitter account. This has proven to be both a blessing and a curse for Telegram and its users, since these channels can be used for both good and ill. Right now, as Wired reports, the app is a key way for Ukrainians to receive updates from the government during the invasion. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. Messages are not fully encrypted by default. That means the company could, in theory, access the content of the messages, or be forced to hand over the data at the request of a government. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. Emerson Brooking, a disinformation expert at the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, said: "Back in the Wild West period of content moderation, like 2014 or 2015, maybe they could have gotten away with it, but it stands in marked contrast with how other companies run themselves today."
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