False news often spreads via public groups, or chats, with potentially fatal effects. But because group chats and the channel features are not end-to-end encrypted, Galperin said user privacy is potentially under threat. Artem Kliuchnikov and his family fled Ukraine just days before the Russian invasion. Individual messages can be fully encrypted. But the user has to turn on that function. It's not automatic, as it is on Signal and WhatsApp. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so.
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