False news often spreads via public groups, or chats, with potentially fatal effects. For example, WhatsApp restricted the number of times a user could forward something, and developed automated systems that detect and flag objectionable content. Artem Kliuchnikov and his family fled Ukraine just days before the Russian invasion. And indeed, volatility has been a hallmark of the market environment so far in 2022, with the S&P 500 still down more than 10% for the year-to-date after first sliding into a correction last month. The CBOE Volatility Index, or VIX, has held at a lofty level of more than 30. On Feb. 27, however, he admitted from his Russian-language account that "Telegram channels are increasingly becoming a source of unverified information related to Ukrainian events."
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