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Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š
Одним ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… арабских коммунистов, ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, Π±Ρ‹Π» Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅Ρ† Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ сСрСдины 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π» Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ частности, Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ основал ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ВсСобщий союз рабочих…
πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· османского Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π½ΠΎ свой ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π² Π•Π³ΠΈΠΏΡ‚Π΅. МногиС Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, часто – Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, учитСлями ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Турналистами. Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ΅.

Π’ 1923 ΠΎΠ½ вСрнулся Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½ создал ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ· Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ…-Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π‘ΠΈΠΊΡ„Π°Π΅. ВпослСдствии ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·ΠΎΠ².

Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ стоял Ρƒ истоков Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-ливанской ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ. По Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ свСдСниям, ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π΅Ρ‘ Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ совсСм с самого Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ партия вступила Π² ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½. Π₯отя коммунистов Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ячСйки быстро Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1930-Ρ… Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ отдСлСния Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Дамаска, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Π’Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ попытался ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ допустили Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ².

Π’ 1932/36/37 Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. ВмСсто Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΄ Π₯Π°Π»Π΅Π΄ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ. Π’ сСрСдинС 1930-Ρ… Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ учился Π² ΠšΠ£Π’Π’ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² МосквС.



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πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· османского Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π½ΠΎ свой ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π² Π•Π³ΠΈΠΏΡ‚Π΅. МногиС Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, часто – Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, учитСлями ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Турналистами. Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ΅.

Π’ 1923 ΠΎΠ½ вСрнулся Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½ создал ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ· Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ…-Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π‘ΠΈΠΊΡ„Π°Π΅. ВпослСдствии ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·ΠΎΠ².

Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ стоял Ρƒ истоков Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-ливанской ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ. По Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ свСдСниям, ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π΅Ρ‘ Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ совсСм с самого Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ партия вступила Π² ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½. Π₯отя коммунистов Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ячСйки быстро Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1930-Ρ… Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ отдСлСния Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Дамаска, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Π’Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ попытался ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ допустили Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ².

Π’ 1932/36/37 Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. ВмСсто Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΄ Π₯Π°Π»Π΅Π΄ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ. Π’ сСрСдинС 1930-Ρ… Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ учился Π² ΠšΠ£Π’Π’ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² МосквС.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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Update March 8, 2022: EFF has clarified that Channels and Groups are not fully encrypted, end-to-end, updated our post to link to Telegram’s FAQ for Cloud and Secret chats, updated to clarify that auto-delete is available for group and channel admins, and added some additional links. Since its launch in 2013, Telegram has grown from a simple messaging app to a broadcast network. Its user base isn’t as vast as WhatsApp’s, and its broadcast platform is a fraction the size of Twitter, but it’s nonetheless showing its use. While Telegram has been embroiled in controversy for much of its life, it has become a vital source of communication during the invasion of Ukraine. But, if all of this is new to you, let us explain, dear friends, what on Earth a Telegram is meant to be, and why you should, or should not, need to care. The company maintains that it cannot act against individual or group chats, which are β€œprivate amongst their participants,” but it will respond to requests in relation to sticker sets, channels and bots which are publicly available. During the invasion of Ukraine, Pavel Durov has wrestled with this issue a lot more prominently than he has before. Channels like Donbass Insider and Bellum Acta, as reported by Foreign Policy, started pumping out pro-Russian propaganda as the invasion began. So much so that the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council issued a statement labeling which accounts are Russian-backed. Ukrainian officials, in potential violation of the Geneva Convention, have shared imagery of dead and captured Russian soldiers on the platform. Russian President Vladimir Putin launched Russia's invasion of Ukraine in the early-morning hours of February 24, targeting several key cities with military strikes. Overall, extreme levels of fear in the market seems to have morphed into something more resembling concern. For example, the Cboe Volatility Index fell from its 2022 peak of 36, which it hit Monday, to around 30 on Friday, a sign of easing tensions. Meanwhile, while the price of WTI crude oil slipped from Sunday’s multiyear high $130 of barrel to $109 a pop. Markets have been expecting heavy restrictions on Russian oil, some of which the U.S. has already imposed, and that would reduce the global supply and bring about even more burdensome inflation.
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