For example, WhatsApp restricted the number of times a user could forward something, and developed automated systems that detect and flag objectionable content. Although some channels have been removed, the curation process is considered opaque and insufficient by analysts. Telegram was founded in 2013 by two Russian brothers, Nikolai and Pavel Durov. Messages are not fully encrypted by default. That means the company could, in theory, access the content of the messages, or be forced to hand over the data at the request of a government. "And that set off kind of a battle royale for control of the platform that Durov eventually lost," said Nathalie Maréchal of the Washington advocacy group Ranking Digital Rights.
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