Трансформация легитимности и халифата в исламских государствах
Аббасидский и пост-Аббасидский период
Использованные источники:
1. Hüseyin Yılmaz, Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought, pp. 1-18. 2. Christopher Markiewicz, The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty, pp. 1-12 3. Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization.
Трансформация легитимности и халифата в исламских государствах
Аббасидский и пост-Аббасидский период
Использованные источники:
1. Hüseyin Yılmaz, Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought, pp. 1-18. 2. Christopher Markiewicz, The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty, pp. 1-12 3. Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization.
Additionally, investors are often instructed to deposit monies into personal bank accounts of individuals who claim to represent a legitimate entity, and/or into an unrelated corporate account. To lend credence and to lure unsuspecting victims, perpetrators usually claim that their entity and/or the investment schemes are approved by financial authorities. In this regard, Sebi collaborated with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to reduce the vulnerability of the securities market to manipulation through misuse of mass communication medium like bulk SMS. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. But the Ukraine Crisis Media Center's Tsekhanovska points out that communications are often down in zones most affected by the war, making this sort of cross-referencing a luxury many cannot afford. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so.
from nl
