مطالعات بالینی و اپیدمیولوژیک را می توان به مطالعات مداخله ای و مشاهده ای متمایز کرد. مطالعات مداخله ای مستقیماً در زندگی شرکت کنندگان در مطالعه مداخله می کند. برخی از شرکت کنندگان در مطالعه یک "مداخله" دریافت می کنند، که می تواند، برای مثال، یک دارو یا روش جراحی جدید باشد.
مطالعات بالینی و اپیدمیولوژیک را می توان به مطالعات مداخله ای و مشاهده ای متمایز کرد. مطالعات مداخله ای مستقیماً در زندگی شرکت کنندگان در مطالعه مداخله می کند. برخی از شرکت کنندگان در مطالعه یک "مداخله" دریافت می کنند، که می تواند، برای مثال، یک دارو یا روش جراحی جدید باشد.
Update March 8, 2022: EFF has clarified that Channels and Groups are not fully encrypted, end-to-end, updated our post to link to Telegram’s FAQ for Cloud and Secret chats, updated to clarify that auto-delete is available for group and channel admins, and added some additional links. The company maintains that it cannot act against individual or group chats, which are “private amongst their participants,” but it will respond to requests in relation to sticker sets, channels and bots which are publicly available. During the invasion of Ukraine, Pavel Durov has wrestled with this issue a lot more prominently than he has before. Channels like Donbass Insider and Bellum Acta, as reported by Foreign Policy, started pumping out pro-Russian propaganda as the invasion began. So much so that the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council issued a statement labeling which accounts are Russian-backed. Ukrainian officials, in potential violation of the Geneva Convention, have shared imagery of dead and captured Russian soldiers on the platform. Also in the latest update is the ability for users to create a unique @username from the Settings page, providing others with an easy way to contact them via Search or their t.me/username link without sharing their phone number. Telegram was co-founded by Pavel and Nikolai Durov, the brothers who had previously created VKontakte. VK is Russia’s equivalent of Facebook, a social network used for public and private messaging, audio and video sharing as well as online gaming. In January, SimpleWeb reported that VK was Russia’s fourth most-visited website, after Yandex, YouTube and Google’s Russian-language homepage. In 2016, Forbes’ Michael Solomon described Pavel Durov (pictured, below) as the “Mark Zuckerberg of Russia.” Ukrainian forces have since put up a strong resistance to the Russian troops amid the war that has left hundreds of Ukrainian civilians, including children, dead, according to the United Nations. Ukrainian and international officials have accused Russia of targeting civilian populations with shelling and bombardments.
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