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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini



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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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Crude oil prices edged higher after tumbling on Thursday, when U.S. West Texas intermediate slid back below $110 per barrel after topping as much as $130 a barrel in recent sessions. Still, gas prices at the pump rose to fresh highs. But the Ukraine Crisis Media Center's Tsekhanovska points out that communications are often down in zones most affected by the war, making this sort of cross-referencing a luxury many cannot afford. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. On February 27th, Durov posted that Channels were becoming a source of unverified information and that the company lacks the ability to check on their veracity. He urged users to be mistrustful of the things shared on Channels, and initially threatened to block the feature in the countries involved for the length of the war, saying that he didn’t want Telegram to be used to aggravate conflict or incite ethnic hatred. He did, however, walk back this plan when it became clear that they had also become a vital communications tool for Ukrainian officials and citizens to help coordinate their resistance and evacuations. The gold standard of encryption, known as end-to-end encryption, where only the sender and person who receives the message are able to see it, is available on Telegram only when the Secret Chat function is enabled. Voice and video calls are also completely encrypted.
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