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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini



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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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Right now the digital security needs of Russians and Ukrainians are very different, and they lead to very different caveats about how to mitigate the risks associated with using Telegram. For Ukrainians in Ukraine, whose physical safety is at risk because they are in a war zone, digital security is probably not their highest priority. They may value access to news and communication with their loved ones over making sure that all of their communications are encrypted in such a manner that they are indecipherable to Telegram, its employees, or governments with court orders. "The argument from Telegram is, 'You should trust us because we tell you that we're trustworthy,'" MarΓ©chal said. "It's really in the eye of the beholder whether that's something you want to buy into." In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. Some privacy experts say Telegram is not secure enough Ukrainian forces successfully attacked Russian vehicles in the capital city of Kyiv thanks to a public tip made through the encrypted messaging app Telegram, Ukraine's top law-enforcement agency said on Tuesday.
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