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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini



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Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚, 1940-Π΅. Π£Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· сСрдцС старого Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ историчСски являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ коммСрчСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ столицы. На Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ располоТСн ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°.

ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΈ. Они Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠžΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ²Π°Π΅Π² ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 1960-Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ распространСния Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.

Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Новой ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, которая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Османской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ французского ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π° (1920-43) – Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Максима Π’Π΅ΠΉΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комиссара Π² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅.

Π€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: Elias Hasbini

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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Again, in contrast to Facebook, Google and Twitter, Telegram's founder Pavel Durov runs his company in relative secrecy from Dubai. Oh no. There’s a certain degree of myth-making around what exactly went on, so take everything that follows lightly. Telegram was originally launched as a side project by the Durov brothers, with Nikolai handling the coding and Pavel as CEO, while both were at VK. In 2014, Pavel Durov fled the country after allies of the Kremlin took control of the social networking site most know just as VK. Russia's intelligence agency had asked Durov to turn over the data of anti-Kremlin protesters. Durov refused to do so. "Your messages about the movement of the enemy through the official chatbot … bring new trophies every day," the government agency tweeted. Official government accounts have also spread fake fact checks. An official Twitter account for the Russia diplomatic mission in Geneva shared a fake debunking video claiming without evidence that "Western and Ukrainian media are creating thousands of fake news on Russia every day." The video, which has amassed almost 30,000 views, offered a "how-to" spot misinformation.
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