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Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š
Одним ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… арабских коммунистов, ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, Π±Ρ‹Π» Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅Ρ† Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ сСрСдины 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π» Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ частности, Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ основал ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ВсСобщий союз рабочих…
πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· османского Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π½ΠΎ свой ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π² Π•Π³ΠΈΠΏΡ‚Π΅. МногиС Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, часто – Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, учитСлями ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Турналистами. Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ΅.

Π’ 1923 ΠΎΠ½ вСрнулся Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½ создал ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ· Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ…-Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π‘ΠΈΠΊΡ„Π°Π΅. ВпослСдствии ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·ΠΎΠ².

Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ стоял Ρƒ истоков Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-ливанской ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ. По Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ свСдСниям, ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π΅Ρ‘ Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ совсСм с самого Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ партия вступила Π² ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½. Π₯отя коммунистов Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ячСйки быстро Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1930-Ρ… Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ отдСлСния Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Дамаска, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Π’Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ попытался ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ допустили Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ².

Π’ 1932/36/37 Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. ВмСсто Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΄ Π₯Π°Π»Π΅Π΄ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ. Π’ сСрСдинС 1930-Ρ… Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ учился Π² ΠšΠ£Π’Π’ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² МосквС.



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πŸ“ΈΠšΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· османского Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π½ΠΎ свой ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π² Π•Π³ΠΈΠΏΡ‚Π΅. МногиС Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Π›Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, часто – Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, учитСлями ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Турналистами. Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ΅.

Π’ 1923 ΠΎΠ½ вСрнулся Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½ создал ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ· Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ…-Ρ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π‘ΠΈΠΊΡ„Π°Π΅. ВпослСдствии ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·ΠΎΠ².

Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ стоял Ρƒ истоков Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΎ-ливанской ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ. По Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ свСдСниям, ΠΎΠ½ возглавлял Π΅Ρ‘ Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ совсСм с самого Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ партия вступила Π² ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½. Π₯отя коммунистов Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ячСйки быстро Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ 1930-Ρ… Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ отдСлСния Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Дамаска, Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Π’Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄ аш-Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ попытался ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ допустили Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ².

Π’ 1932/36/37 Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. ВмСсто Π¨ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΄ Π₯Π°Π»Π΅Π΄ Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ. Π’ сСрСдинС 1930-Ρ… Π‘Π°Π³Π΄Π°Ρˆ учился Π² ΠšΠ£Π’Π’ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° Π² МосквС.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š




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In view of this, the regulator has cautioned investors not to rely on such investment tips / advice received through social media platforms. It has also said investors should exercise utmost caution while taking investment decisions while dealing in the securities market. If you initiate a Secret Chat, however, then these communications are end-to-end encrypted and are tied to the device you are using. That means it’s less convenient to access them across multiple platforms, but you are at far less risk of snooping. Back in the day, Secret Chats received some praise from the EFF, but the fact that its standard system isn’t as secure earned it some criticism. If you’re looking for something that is considered more reliable by privacy advocates, then Signal is the EFF’s preferred platform, although that too is not without some caveats. Telegram has gained a reputation as the β€œsecure” communications app in the post-Soviet states, but whenever you make choices about your digital security, it’s important to start by asking yourself, β€œWhat exactly am I securing? And who am I securing it from?” These questions should inform your decisions about whether you are using the right tool or platform for your digital security needs. Telegram is certainly not the most secure messaging app on the market right now. Its security model requires users to place a great deal of trust in Telegram’s ability to protect user data. For some users, this may be good enough for now. For others, it may be wiser to move to a different platform for certain kinds of high-risk communications. At this point, however, Durov had already been working on Telegram with his brother, and further planned a mobile-first social network with an explicit focus on anti-censorship. Later in April, he told TechCrunch that he had left Russia and had β€œno plans to go back,” saying that the nation was currently β€œincompatible with internet business at the moment.” He added later that he was looking for a country that matched his libertarian ideals to base his next startup. Telegram was co-founded by Pavel and Nikolai Durov, the brothers who had previously created VKontakte. VK is Russia’s equivalent of Facebook, a social network used for public and private messaging, audio and video sharing as well as online gaming. In January, SimpleWeb reported that VK was Russia’s fourth most-visited website, after Yandex, YouTube and Google’s Russian-language homepage. In 2016, Forbes’ Michael Solomon described Pavel Durov (pictured, below) as the β€œMark Zuckerberg of Russia.”
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