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ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π‘ΠΈΡˆΠ°Ρ€Π° аль-Π₯ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ (1943β€”1952; Π² шляпС) ΠΈ министр ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° эмир МадТид Арслан (Π² фСскС) Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ учСния. Оба относятся ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ†Π°ΠΌ-основатСлям нСзависимого Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° (1943). аль-Π₯ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ сразу Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π» высокиС стандарты ΠΏΠΎ части ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΡ†ΠΈΠΈ (Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ)…
Π’ΠΎ врСмя ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вторТСния Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ (1982) эмир МадТид Арслан ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π» прСзидСнтскиС Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ЖмайСля β€” христианского ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ союзника Π˜Π·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»Ρ. Однако ставка Π½Π΅ сыграла: Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡƒΠ³ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ армия отступила ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° юг.

МадТид Арслан скончался Π² 1983 Π³. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ стал Π΅Π³ΠΎ сын ЀСйсал. Однако эмиру ЀСйсалу Π½Π΅ простили Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΌ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1980-Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ эмир Валяль β€” ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Арсланы стали союзниками сирийской династии Асадов ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€. Π˜Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ сопСрники Π”ΠΆΡƒΠΌΠ±Π»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ сотрудничали с Дамаском Π² 1980β€”90-Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ Π² 2000-Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π»Π°Π³Π΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹.

На Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: эмир МадТид Арслан ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ЖмайСля Ρƒ сСбя Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°

πŸ“ΈRabah, Conflict on Mount Lebanon



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Π’ΠΎ врСмя ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вторТСния Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ (1982) эмир МадТид Арслан ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π» прСзидСнтскиС Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ЖмайСля β€” христианского ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ союзника Π˜Π·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»Ρ. Однако ставка Π½Π΅ сыграла: Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡƒΠ³ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ армия отступила ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° юг.

МадТид Арслан скончался Π² 1983 Π³. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ стал Π΅Π³ΠΎ сын ЀСйсал. Однако эмиру ЀСйсалу Π½Π΅ простили Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΌ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ 1980-Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ эмир Валяль β€” ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ.

Π’ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Арсланы стали союзниками сирийской династии Асадов ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€. Π˜Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ сопСрники Π”ΠΆΡƒΠΌΠ±Π»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ сотрудничали с Дамаском Π² 1980β€”90-Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ Π² 2000-Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π»Π°Π³Π΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹.

На Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: эмир МадТид Арслан ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ЖмайСля Ρƒ сСбя Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°

πŸ“ΈRabah, Conflict on Mount Lebanon

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š





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Right now the digital security needs of Russians and Ukrainians are very different, and they lead to very different caveats about how to mitigate the risks associated with using Telegram. For Ukrainians in Ukraine, whose physical safety is at risk because they are in a war zone, digital security is probably not their highest priority. They may value access to news and communication with their loved ones over making sure that all of their communications are encrypted in such a manner that they are indecipherable to Telegram, its employees, or governments with court orders. Russians and Ukrainians are both prolific users of Telegram. They rely on the app for channels that act as newsfeeds, group chats (both public and private), and one-to-one communication. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Telegram has remained an important lifeline for both Russians and Ukrainians, as a way of staying aware of the latest news and keeping in touch with loved ones. If you initiate a Secret Chat, however, then these communications are end-to-end encrypted and are tied to the device you are using. That means it’s less convenient to access them across multiple platforms, but you are at far less risk of snooping. Back in the day, Secret Chats received some praise from the EFF, but the fact that its standard system isn’t as secure earned it some criticism. If you’re looking for something that is considered more reliable by privacy advocates, then Signal is the EFF’s preferred platform, although that too is not without some caveats. For example, WhatsApp restricted the number of times a user could forward something, and developed automated systems that detect and flag objectionable content. Perpetrators of such fraud use various marketing techniques to attract subscribers on their social media channels.
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