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В целом для Ирана до конца 1970-х гг. были характерны напряжение, персонализм, неформальность и низкий уровень безопасности. Все они вместе были связаны друг с другом и формировали единую систему. Эта система служила способом сохранения и распределения власти, а также решения конфликтов.

Источник: Bill, James A. 1973. The Plasticity of Informal Politics: The Case of Iran. // Middle East Journal. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 131-151.



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В целом для Ирана до конца 1970-х гг. были характерны напряжение, персонализм, неформальность и низкий уровень безопасности. Все они вместе были связаны друг с другом и формировали единую систему. Эта система служила способом сохранения и распределения власти, а также решения конфликтов.

Источник: Bill, James A. 1973. The Plasticity of Informal Politics: The Case of Iran. // Middle East Journal. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 131-151.

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The next bit isn’t clear, but Durov reportedly claimed that his resignation, dated March 21st, was an April Fools’ prank. TechCrunch implies that it was a matter of principle, but it’s hard to be clear on the wheres, whos and whys. Similarly, on April 17th, the Moscow Times quoted Durov as saying that he quit the company after being pressured to reveal account details about Ukrainians protesting the then-president Viktor Yanukovych. Meanwhile, a completely redesigned attachment menu appears when sending multiple photos or vides. Users can tap "X selected" (X being the number of items) at the top of the panel to preview how the album will look in the chat when it's sent, as well as rearrange or remove selected media. But Kliuchnikov, the Ukranian now in France, said he will use Signal or WhatsApp for sensitive conversations, but questions around privacy on Telegram do not give him pause when it comes to sharing information about the war. Unlike Silicon Valley giants such as Facebook and Twitter, which run very public anti-disinformation programs, Brooking said: "Telegram is famously lax or absent in its content moderation policy." "He has to start being more proactive and to find a real solution to this situation, not stay in standby without interfering. It's a very irresponsible position from the owner of Telegram," she said.
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