In 2018, Russia banned Telegram although it reversed the prohibition two years later. Despite Telegram's origins, its approach to users' security has privacy advocates worried. As a result, the pandemic saw many newcomers to Telegram, including prominent anti-vaccine activists who used the app's hands-off approach to share false information on shots, a study from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue shows. Telegram was founded in 2013 by two Russian brothers, Nikolai and Pavel Durov. Although some channels have been removed, the curation process is considered opaque and insufficient by analysts.
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