The word "crook" or "cruck" originates from the Middle English term crok(e), which comes from the Old Norse krΔka, meaning "hook." This term also gave rise to the word "crooked," referring to something bent, twisted, or deformed. Additionally, it is the source of the "crook" used by shepherds and symbolically by bishops.
Crucks were primarily used during the medieval period in the construction of timber-framed buildings, such as houses and large tithe barns.
They were also employed in the roofs of stone-walled structures like churches. However, these bent timbers were relatively rare due to their high demand in the shipbuilding industry.
When naturally curved timbers were readily available, carpenters continued to use them long after the medieval period. For example, base crucks can still be found in the roofs of the residential range at Staple Inn Buildings, Nos. 337-338, High Holborn, London.
These crucks date back to 1586, with notable alterations in 1886 by Alfred Waterhouse, as well as further restorations in 1936 and 1954-55. Despite these modifications, renowned expert Cecil Hewett has confirmed that the 16th-century crucks remain original.
The word "crook" or "cruck" originates from the Middle English term crok(e), which comes from the Old Norse krΔka, meaning "hook." This term also gave rise to the word "crooked," referring to something bent, twisted, or deformed. Additionally, it is the source of the "crook" used by shepherds and symbolically by bishops.
Crucks were primarily used during the medieval period in the construction of timber-framed buildings, such as houses and large tithe barns.
They were also employed in the roofs of stone-walled structures like churches. However, these bent timbers were relatively rare due to their high demand in the shipbuilding industry.
When naturally curved timbers were readily available, carpenters continued to use them long after the medieval period. For example, base crucks can still be found in the roofs of the residential range at Staple Inn Buildings, Nos. 337-338, High Holborn, London.
These crucks date back to 1586, with notable alterations in 1886 by Alfred Waterhouse, as well as further restorations in 1936 and 1954-55. Despite these modifications, renowned expert Cecil Hewett has confirmed that the 16th-century crucks remain original.
Just days after Russia invaded Ukraine, Durov wrote that Telegram was "increasingly becoming a source of unverified information," and he worried about the app being used to "incite ethnic hatred." The gold standard of encryption, known as end-to-end encryption, where only the sender and person who receives the message are able to see it, is available on Telegram only when the Secret Chat function is enabled. Voice and video calls are also completely encrypted. "For Telegram, accountability has always been a problem, which is why it was so popular even before the full-scale war with far-right extremists and terrorists from all over the world," she told AFP from her safe house outside the Ukrainian capital. One thing that Telegram now offers to all users is the ability to βdisappearβ messages or set remote deletion deadlines. That enables users to have much more control over how long people can access what youβre sending them. Given that Russian law enforcement officials are reportedly (via Insider) stopping people in the street and demanding to read their text messages, this could be vital to protect individuals from reprisals. Telegram users are able to send files of any type up to 2GB each and access them from any device, with no limit on cloud storage, which has made downloading files more popular on the platform.
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