Кроме того, недавно на севере страны произошли вооруженные столкновения между пуштунами суннитами и пуштунами шиитами с десятками погибших. Шииты в Пакистане меньшинство, их по разным данным от 5 до 20 процентов. Но их непропорционально много среди пакистанской элиты, и даже основатель государства Мухаммад Али Джинна был шиитом-исмаилитом. Шиитская община часто подвергается нападениям боевиков. Но ее члены активно сотрудничают с Ираном и принимают участие в конфликтах на Ближнем Востоке в составе проиранских формирований.
Кроме того, недавно на севере страны произошли вооруженные столкновения между пуштунами суннитами и пуштунами шиитами с десятками погибших. Шииты в Пакистане меньшинство, их по разным данным от 5 до 20 процентов. Но их непропорционально много среди пакистанской элиты, и даже основатель государства Мухаммад Али Джинна был шиитом-исмаилитом. Шиитская община часто подвергается нападениям боевиков. Но ее члены активно сотрудничают с Ираном и принимают участие в конфликтах на Ближнем Востоке в составе проиранских формирований.
Telegram, which does little policing of its content, has also became a hub for Russian propaganda and misinformation. Many pro-Kremlin channels have become popular, alongside accounts of journalists and other independent observers. This ability to mix the public and the private, as well as the ability to use bots to engage with users has proved to be problematic. In early 2021, a database selling phone numbers pulled from Facebook was selling numbers for $20 per lookup. Similarly, security researchers found a network of deepfake bots on the platform that were generating images of people submitted by users to create non-consensual imagery, some of which involved children. Artem Kliuchnikov and his family fled Ukraine just days before the Russian invasion. Telegram was co-founded by Pavel and Nikolai Durov, the brothers who had previously created VKontakte. VK is Russia’s equivalent of Facebook, a social network used for public and private messaging, audio and video sharing as well as online gaming. In January, SimpleWeb reported that VK was Russia’s fourth most-visited website, after Yandex, YouTube and Google’s Russian-language homepage. In 2016, Forbes’ Michael Solomon described Pavel Durov (pictured, below) as the “Mark Zuckerberg of Russia.” At this point, however, Durov had already been working on Telegram with his brother, and further planned a mobile-first social network with an explicit focus on anti-censorship. Later in April, he told TechCrunch that he had left Russia and had “no plans to go back,” saying that the nation was currently “incompatible with internet business at the moment.” He added later that he was looking for a country that matched his libertarian ideals to base his next startup.
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