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В целом для Ирана до конца 1970-х гг. были характерны напряжение, персонализм, неформальность и низкий уровень безопасности. Все они вместе были связаны друг с другом и формировали единую систему. Эта система служила способом сохранения и распределения власти, а также решения конфликтов.

Источник: Bill, James A. 1973. The Plasticity of Informal Politics: The Case of Iran. // Middle East Journal. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 131-151.



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В целом для Ирана до конца 1970-х гг. были характерны напряжение, персонализм, неформальность и низкий уровень безопасности. Все они вместе были связаны друг с другом и формировали единую систему. Эта система служила способом сохранения и распределения власти, а также решения конфликтов.

Источник: Bill, James A. 1973. The Plasticity of Informal Politics: The Case of Iran. // Middle East Journal. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 131-151.

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This ability to mix the public and the private, as well as the ability to use bots to engage with users has proved to be problematic. In early 2021, a database selling phone numbers pulled from Facebook was selling numbers for $20 per lookup. Similarly, security researchers found a network of deepfake bots on the platform that were generating images of people submitted by users to create non-consensual imagery, some of which involved children. The War on Fakes channel has repeatedly attempted to push conspiracies that footage from Ukraine is somehow being falsified. One post on the channel from February 24 claimed without evidence that a widely viewed photo of a Ukrainian woman injured in an airstrike in the city of Chuhuiv was doctored and that the woman was seen in a different photo days later without injuries. The post, which has over 600,000 views, also baselessly claimed that the woman's blood was actually makeup or grape juice. As a result, the pandemic saw many newcomers to Telegram, including prominent anti-vaccine activists who used the app's hands-off approach to share false information on shots, a study from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue shows. Telegram was co-founded by Pavel and Nikolai Durov, the brothers who had previously created VKontakte. VK is Russia’s equivalent of Facebook, a social network used for public and private messaging, audio and video sharing as well as online gaming. In January, SimpleWeb reported that VK was Russia’s fourth most-visited website, after Yandex, YouTube and Google’s Russian-language homepage. In 2016, Forbes’ Michael Solomon described Pavel Durov (pictured, below) as the “Mark Zuckerberg of Russia.” Telegram boasts 500 million users, who share information individually and in groups in relative security. But Telegram's use as a one-way broadcast channel — which followers can join but not reply to — means content from inauthentic accounts can easily reach large, captive and eager audiences.
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