Обозначим V:=A∩B и W:=A∪B, и докажем, например, сюръективность i1.
Вот так мы рассуждаем сейчас: «Так как j1 и j2 сюръективны, в данном случае точная последовательность Майера—Вьеториса превращается в короткую точную последовательность
0 -> H_*(V) -F-> H_*(A)⊕H_*(B) -G-> H_*(W) -> 0, где F(u) := i1(u)⊕i2(u) и G(x⊕y) := j1(x)-j2(y).
Пусть теперь x∈H_*(A); тогда j1(x)∈H_*(W). Так как j2 сюръективно, имеем j1(x)=j2(y) для некоторого y∈H_*(B). Получаем G(x⊕y)=0. Наша последовательность точна, поэтому x⊕y=F(x') для некоторого x'∈H_*(V). Итак, x=i1(x'). Сюръективность доказана.»
Рассуждение строгое и чисто алгебраическое; его проще придумать с листочком бумаги, чем с закрытыми глазами
Обозначим V:=A∩B и W:=A∪B, и докажем, например, сюръективность i1.
Вот так мы рассуждаем сейчас: «Так как j1 и j2 сюръективны, в данном случае точная последовательность Майера—Вьеториса превращается в короткую точную последовательность
0 -> H_*(V) -F-> H_*(A)⊕H_*(B) -G-> H_*(W) -> 0, где F(u) := i1(u)⊕i2(u) и G(x⊕y) := j1(x)-j2(y).
Пусть теперь x∈H_*(A); тогда j1(x)∈H_*(W). Так как j2 сюръективно, имеем j1(x)=j2(y) для некоторого y∈H_*(B). Получаем G(x⊕y)=0. Наша последовательность точна, поэтому x⊕y=F(x') для некоторого x'∈H_*(V). Итак, x=i1(x'). Сюръективность доказана.»
Рассуждение строгое и чисто алгебраическое; его проще придумать с листочком бумаги, чем с закрытыми глазами
Update March 8, 2022: EFF has clarified that Channels and Groups are not fully encrypted, end-to-end, updated our post to link to Telegram’s FAQ for Cloud and Secret chats, updated to clarify that auto-delete is available for group and channel admins, and added some additional links. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said in a video message on Tuesday that Ukrainian forces "destroy the invaders wherever we can." At its heart, Telegram is little more than a messaging app like WhatsApp or Signal. But it also offers open channels that enable a single user, or a group of users, to communicate with large numbers in a method similar to a Twitter account. This has proven to be both a blessing and a curse for Telegram and its users, since these channels can be used for both good and ill. Right now, as Wired reports, the app is a key way for Ukrainians to receive updates from the government during the invasion. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. Stocks dropped on Friday afternoon, as gains made earlier in the day on hopes for diplomatic progress between Russia and Ukraine turned to losses. Technology stocks were hit particularly hard by higher bond yields.
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