Географическое происхождение ученых в исламском мире, основанное на «Та'рих аль-ислам», книге XIV века, содержащей 30 000 биографий выдающихся ученых мусульманского мира. В инфографике показан ранний упадок арабских ученых и подъем иракских, а затем иранских ученых. Далее последовал позднесредневековый упадок Ирака и Ирана и переориентация на Сирию и Египет. Причем падение хронологически совпадает с монгольским нашествием, после которого этот регион интеллектуально так и не восстановился.
Географическое происхождение ученых в исламском мире, основанное на «Та'рих аль-ислам», книге XIV века, содержащей 30 000 биографий выдающихся ученых мусульманского мира. В инфографике показан ранний упадок арабских ученых и подъем иракских, а затем иранских ученых. Далее последовал позднесредневековый упадок Ирака и Ирана и переориентация на Сирию и Египет. Причем падение хронологически совпадает с монгольским нашествием, после которого этот регион интеллектуально так и не восстановился.
Telegram, which does little policing of its content, has also became a hub for Russian propaganda and misinformation. Many pro-Kremlin channels have become popular, alongside accounts of journalists and other independent observers. At this point, however, Durov had already been working on Telegram with his brother, and further planned a mobile-first social network with an explicit focus on anti-censorship. Later in April, he told TechCrunch that he had left Russia and had “no plans to go back,” saying that the nation was currently “incompatible with internet business at the moment.” He added later that he was looking for a country that matched his libertarian ideals to base his next startup. Additionally, investors are often instructed to deposit monies into personal bank accounts of individuals who claim to represent a legitimate entity, and/or into an unrelated corporate account. To lend credence and to lure unsuspecting victims, perpetrators usually claim that their entity and/or the investment schemes are approved by financial authorities. Telegram does offer end-to-end encrypted communications through Secret Chats, but this is not the default setting. Standard conversations use the MTProto method, enabling server-client encryption but with them stored on the server for ease-of-access. This makes using Telegram across multiple devices simple, but also means that the regular Telegram chats you’re having with folks are not as secure as you may believe. Groups are also not fully encrypted, end-to-end. This includes private groups. Private groups cannot be seen by other Telegram users, but Telegram itself can see the groups and all of the communications that you have in them. All of the same risks and warnings about channels can be applied to groups.
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