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Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š
Π’ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ граТданской Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π²ΠΎ врСмя Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Β«Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π²Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉΒ» (ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ† 1975 – ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ 1976). Гостиничный ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Π» стал послСдним ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ христианских ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡƒΡŽβ€¦
Π’ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1970-Ρ… аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½ стали ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… ливанских ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ, вСроятно, ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠΌ суннитским ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² странС. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ столицы ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ бизнСса, Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ рСсурсы позволяли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… сторонников ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠΉΡ†ΠΎΠ². По всСй видимости, ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ° своСго влияния аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½ достигли Π½Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ 1970-80-Ρ…. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ наступил Π² 1982, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вторТСния ООП (ΠΈ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС ЀАВΠ₯) Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π‘Π΅Π· своих Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… союзников ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° стало ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ. Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° Π±Ρ‹Π» нанСсён Π² 1985 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ друзской ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-социалистичСской ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ДвиТСния Амаль Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ инфраструктуру аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½.

На Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: послСдствия Π±ΠΎΡ‘Π² сил ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ПБП-Амаль Π² Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π΅.



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Π’ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1970-Ρ… аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½ стали ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… ливанских ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ, вСроятно, ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠΌ суннитским ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² странС. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ столицы ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ бизнСса, Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ рСсурсы позволяли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… сторонников ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠΉΡ†ΠΎΠ². По всСй видимости, ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ° своСго влияния аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½ достигли Π½Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ 1970-80-Ρ…. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ наступил Π² 1982, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вторТСния ООП (ΠΈ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС ЀАВΠ₯) Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π‘Π΅Π· своих Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… союзников ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° стало ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ. Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° Π±Ρ‹Π» нанСсён Π² 1985 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ друзской ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-социалистичСской ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ДвиТСния Амаль Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ инфраструктуру аль-ΠœΡƒΡ€Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ½.

На Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ: послСдствия Π±ΠΎΡ‘Π² сил ΠšΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ПБП-Амаль Π² Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π΅.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š





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Telegram boasts 500 million users, who share information individually and in groups in relative security. But Telegram's use as a one-way broadcast channel β€” which followers can join but not reply to β€” means content from inauthentic accounts can easily reach large, captive and eager audiences. Telegram was co-founded by Pavel and Nikolai Durov, the brothers who had previously created VKontakte. VK is Russia’s equivalent of Facebook, a social network used for public and private messaging, audio and video sharing as well as online gaming. In January, SimpleWeb reported that VK was Russia’s fourth most-visited website, after Yandex, YouTube and Google’s Russian-language homepage. In 2016, Forbes’ Michael Solomon described Pavel Durov (pictured, below) as the β€œMark Zuckerberg of Russia.” On December 23rd, 2020, Pavel Durov posted to his channel that the company would need to start generating revenue. In early 2021, he added that any advertising on the platform would not use user data for targeting, and that it would be focused on β€œlarge one-to-many channels.” He pledged that ads would be β€œnon-intrusive” and that most users would simply not notice any change. If you initiate a Secret Chat, however, then these communications are end-to-end encrypted and are tied to the device you are using. That means it’s less convenient to access them across multiple platforms, but you are at far less risk of snooping. Back in the day, Secret Chats received some praise from the EFF, but the fact that its standard system isn’t as secure earned it some criticism. If you’re looking for something that is considered more reliable by privacy advocates, then Signal is the EFF’s preferred platform, although that too is not without some caveats. The last couple days have exemplified that uncertainty. On Thursday, news emerged that talks in Turkey between the Russia and Ukraine yielded no positive result. But on Friday, Reuters reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin said there had been some β€œpositive shifts” in talks between the two sides.
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