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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.



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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š


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For tech stocks, β€œthe main thing is yields,” Essaye said. On February 27th, Durov posted that Channels were becoming a source of unverified information and that the company lacks the ability to check on their veracity. He urged users to be mistrustful of the things shared on Channels, and initially threatened to block the feature in the countries involved for the length of the war, saying that he didn’t want Telegram to be used to aggravate conflict or incite ethnic hatred. He did, however, walk back this plan when it became clear that they had also become a vital communications tool for Ukrainian officials and citizens to help coordinate their resistance and evacuations. For example, WhatsApp restricted the number of times a user could forward something, and developed automated systems that detect and flag objectionable content. He adds: "Telegram has become my primary news source." At this point, however, Durov had already been working on Telegram with his brother, and further planned a mobile-first social network with an explicit focus on anti-censorship. Later in April, he told TechCrunch that he had left Russia and had β€œno plans to go back,” saying that the nation was currently β€œincompatible with internet business at the moment.” He added later that he was looking for a country that matched his libertarian ideals to base his next startup.
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