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Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š
Эвакуация ООП ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π° (1982) ΠΈ послСдствия ПослС Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… нСдСль ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ осады ΠΈ обстрСлов Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΡƒΡ‚Π°, руководство ΠžΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ освобоТдСния ΠŸΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ (ООП) согласилось ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½. Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ августа ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π» ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° ЖмайСля…
Π’ 1978–82 Π³Π³. ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Ρ‹ ополчСния ЛиванскиС силы ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ Π² Π˜Π·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»Π΅. Π’ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ± этом ливанский ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Makram Rabah Π² Conflict on Mount Lebanon (2020):

Β«ΠšΡƒΡ€ΡΡ‹ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² сСбя ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ дСсантников, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ. Π­Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Π₯ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ люди, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ новСйшиС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² сфСрС бСзопасности ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠœΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅, Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Моссада Π²ΠΎΠ·Π»Π΅ Π“Π΅Ρ€Ρ†Π»ΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ, Π₯ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всС высокопоставлСнныС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° [ЖмайСля] β€” Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄Π° Абу НадСра, Π€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π€Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Π”ΠΆΠ°Π΄ΠΆΠ° – посСщали ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² (Staff and Command College)Β»

πŸ“Έ Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π½Π°Π· Ливанских сил, элитноС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ aαΉ£-αΉ’addām. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ слуТил ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π°ΠΉΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ ΠœΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒ (спСцназ Π³Π΅Π½ΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π°).



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Π’ 1978–82 Π³Π³. ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Ρ‹ ополчСния ЛиванскиС силы ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ Π² Π˜Π·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»Π΅. Π’ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ± этом ливанский ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Makram Rabah Π² Conflict on Mount Lebanon (2020):

Β«ΠšΡƒΡ€ΡΡ‹ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² сСбя ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ дСсантников, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ. Π­Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Π₯ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ люди, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ новСйшиС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² сфСрС бСзопасности ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠœΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅, Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Моссада Π²ΠΎΠ·Π»Π΅ Π“Π΅Ρ€Ρ†Π»ΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ, Π₯ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всС высокопоставлСнныС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π° [ЖмайСля] β€” Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π€ΡƒΠ°Π΄Π° Абу НадСра, Π€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π€Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Π”ΠΆΠ°Π΄ΠΆΠ° – посСщали ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² (Staff and Command College)Β»

πŸ“Έ Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†Π½Π°Π· Ливанских сил, элитноС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ aαΉ£-αΉ’addām. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ слуТил ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π°ΠΉΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ ΠœΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒ (спСцназ Π³Π΅Π½ΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π°).

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To that end, when files are actively downloading, a new icon now appears in the Search bar that users can tap to view and manage downloads, pause and resume all downloads or just individual items, and select one to increase its priority or view it in a chat. Oleksandra Matviichuk, a Kyiv-based lawyer and head of the Center for Civil Liberties, called Durov’s position "very weak," and urged concrete improvements. Telegram has become more interventionist over time, and has steadily increased its efforts to shut down these accounts. But this has also meant that the company has also engaged with lawmakers more generally, although it maintains that it doesn’t do so willingly. For instance, in September 2021, Telegram reportedly blocked a chat bot in support of (Putin critic) Alexei Navalny during Russia’s most recent parliamentary elections. Pavel Durov was quoted at the time saying that the company was obliged to follow a β€œlegitimate” law of the land. He added that as Apple and Google both follow the law, to violate it would give both platforms a reason to boot the messenger from its stores. But Telegram says people want to keep their chat history when they get a new phone, and they like having a data backup that will sync their chats across multiple devices. And that is why they let people choose whether they want their messages to be encrypted or not. When not turned on, though, chats are stored on Telegram's services, which are scattered throughout the world. But it has "disclosed 0 bytes of user data to third parties, including governments," Telegram states on its website. Individual messages can be fully encrypted. But the user has to turn on that function. It's not automatic, as it is on Signal and WhatsApp.
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