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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.



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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š


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Sebi said data, emails and other documents are being retrieved from the seized devices and detailed investigation is in progress. What distinguishes the app from competitors is its use of what's known as channels: Public or private feeds of photos and videos that can be set up by one person or an organization. The channels have become popular with on-the-ground journalists, aid workers and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who broadcasts on a Telegram channel. The channels can be followed by an unlimited number of people. Unlike Facebook, Twitter and other popular social networks, there is no advertising on Telegram and the flow of information is not driven by an algorithm. At the start of 2018, the company attempted to launch an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) which would enable it to enable payments (and earn the cash that comes from doing so). The initial signals were promising, especially given Telegram’s user base is already fairly crypto-savvy. It raised an initial tranche of cash – worth more than a billion dollars – to help develop the coin before opening sales to the public. Unfortunately, third-party sales of coins bought in those initial fundraising rounds raised the ire of the SEC, which brought the hammer down on the whole operation. In 2020, officials ordered Telegram to pay a fine of $18.5 million and hand back much of the cash that it had raised. This ability to mix the public and the private, as well as the ability to use bots to engage with users has proved to be problematic. In early 2021, a database selling phone numbers pulled from Facebook was selling numbers for $20 per lookup. Similarly, security researchers found a network of deepfake bots on the platform that were generating images of people submitted by users to create non-consensual imagery, some of which involved children. Telegram, which does little policing of its content, has also became a hub for Russian propaganda and misinformation. Many pro-Kremlin channels have become popular, alongside accounts of journalists and other independent observers.
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