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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.



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πŸ‡±πŸ‡§ Π‘Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° подкаст Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Ρ‹Β» Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅. Если с Β«Π Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΌΡ‹ большС Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± истории Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ с Β«ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ скорСС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‘ связях с Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅

О Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ливанских ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…

Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History. Автор ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ странС ΠΈ общался с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, активистами ΠΈ простыми Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.

Помимо этой ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исслСдованиС ΠΎ Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Π”Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Амаль (Norton, Amal and the Shia).

Если Π²Π°ΠΌ интСрСсны ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π₯Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π»Ρ‹, Joseph Alagha ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° английском ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Hezbollah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto.

Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam β€” ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° посвящСна Π²Π·Π»Ρ‘Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠœΡƒΡΡ‹ Π‘Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ стоял Ρƒ истоков Амаль. Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° нСсколько ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² политичСском Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡˆΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² 1950β€”60-Ρ…, вСдь ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ (см. Rula J. Abisaab ΠΈ Malek Abisaab, The Shiites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamism).

Omri Nir, Lebanese Shiite Political Leadership, 1920β€”1970s ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ биография Набиха Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ Амаль с 1980, спикСр ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с 1992 Π³.) β€” Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics.

О Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с избиратСлями Π² Π›ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π΅

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif ΠΈ Paul Tabar, National versus Communal Memory in Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свои вСрсии ливанской истории Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· символы ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹.

Bassel Salloukh ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ идСнтичностями.

Melani Cammett, Compassionate Communalism β€” ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ «услуги» Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ.

BY Junger OrientalistπŸ•Š


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The company maintains that it cannot act against individual or group chats, which are β€œprivate amongst their participants,” but it will respond to requests in relation to sticker sets, channels and bots which are publicly available. During the invasion of Ukraine, Pavel Durov has wrestled with this issue a lot more prominently than he has before. Channels like Donbass Insider and Bellum Acta, as reported by Foreign Policy, started pumping out pro-Russian propaganda as the invasion began. So much so that the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council issued a statement labeling which accounts are Russian-backed. Ukrainian officials, in potential violation of the Geneva Convention, have shared imagery of dead and captured Russian soldiers on the platform. The message was not authentic, with the real Zelenskiy soon denying the claim on his official Telegram channel, but the incident highlighted a major problem: disinformation quickly spreads unchecked on the encrypted app. Groups are also not fully encrypted, end-to-end. This includes private groups. Private groups cannot be seen by other Telegram users, but Telegram itself can see the groups and all of the communications that you have in them. All of the same risks and warnings about channels can be applied to groups. This ability to mix the public and the private, as well as the ability to use bots to engage with users has proved to be problematic. In early 2021, a database selling phone numbers pulled from Facebook was selling numbers for $20 per lookup. Similarly, security researchers found a network of deepfake bots on the platform that were generating images of people submitted by users to create non-consensual imagery, some of which involved children. Pavel Durov, Telegram's CEO, is known as "the Russian Mark Zuckerberg," for co-founding VKontakte, which is Russian for "in touch," a Facebook imitator that became the country's most popular social networking site.
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